ايرنا:روزنامه "اينديپندنت" چاپ لندن روز يکشنبه در گزارشى شش مورد از اقدامات اسراييل در غزه را که مى تواند به عنوان جنايات جنگى محسوب شود، منتشر کرد.
اينديپندنت در گزارش خود تحت عنوان
"يک جنگ ننگ آور، اسراييل به دليل حمله به غزه متهم شده است" نوشت:
حقوق دانان بين المللى اعتقاد دارند اسراييل احتمالا در شش مورد اقدام به نقض قوانين بين المللى کرده است که شامل استفاده بيش از حد از قدرت نظامي، حمله به مناطق غيرنظامي، استفاده از فسفر سفيد، استفاده از بمب هاى دايم تنگستنى و ديگر تسليحات غير متعارف، هدف قرار دادن شهروندان غير نظامى و هدف قرار دادن کاروان هاى کمک هاى انسانى هستند.
اين روزنامه در ادامه با تشريح اين شش مورد اتهام جنايات جنگى وارد شده به اسراييل نوشت:
در ارتباط با استفاده بيش از حد از قدرت نظامى بايد توجه داشت که به ازاى هر يک اسراييلى کشته شده در اين درگيرى بيش از يکصد فلسطينى کشته شده اند که اين نشانه اى از غيرمتناسب بودن حمله اسراييل به غزه است.
نشريه انگليسى ادامه داد:
وزارت بهداشت فلسطين تعداد کشته شدگان فلسطينى را 1314 نفر اعلام کرده است که 412 نفر از آنان را کودکان و 110 نفر نيز زن بوده اند درحالى که تنها 13 اسراييلى در اين درگيرى کشته شده اند که سه نفر از آنان غيرنظامى بوده اند.
اينديپندنت نوشت:
مطمئنا بحث هايى درباره اين شدت عمل اسراييل انجام خواهد شد چراکه بسيارى عقيده دارند ميزان تخريب تحميل شده بر غزه به هيچ عنوان با تهديد ناشى از موشک هاى پرتاب شده توسط حماس به داخل اسراييل متناسب نبوده است.
اين روزنامه دومين اتهام وارد شده به اسراييل را حمله به مناطق غيرنظامى توصيف کرد و توضيح داد:
اسراييل نيروهاى خود را به داخل مناطق شلوغ مرکزى غزه اعزام نکرد اما بسيارى از حملات انجام شده توسط نيروهاى اسراييلى در مناطق بسيار شلوغ و مسکونى اتفاق افتاد که مرگبارترين حادثه در اين ميان کشته شدن بيش از 40 نفر در حمله موشکى اسراييل به يک مدرسه تحت پوشش سازمان ملل بود که صدها فلسطينى در آن پناه گرفته بودند. نشريه انگليسى ادامه داد:
اسراييل مدعى شده است که نيروهاى حماس از نزديکى اين مدرسه اقدام به پرتاب موشک کرده اند درحالى که بر اساس کنوانسيون ژنو هرگونه حمله اى که باعث مرگ شهروندان غيرنظامى شده و با اهداف نظامى بدست آمده غير متناسب باشد غير قانونى است و اسراييل بارها متهم به نقض اين قانون شده است.
اينديپندنت در ادامه با توصيف استفاده از بمب هاى فسفرى سفيد به عنوان سومين اتهام وارد شده به اسراييل نوشت:
اسراييل در بسيارى مناطق در غزه از بمب هاى فسفرى سفيد استفاده کرد که به دليل قابليت ايجاد سوختگى و زخم هاى وحشتناک استفاده از آنها در قوانين بين المللى به شدت محدود شده است.
اين روزنامه افزود:
اسراييل ابتدا استفاده از اين بمب ها را تکذيب کرد، سپس اعلام کرد تنها در مناطق غيرنظامى از آنها استفاده کرده است و پس آن اعلام کرد تحقيقاتى درباره شرايط استفاده از اين بمب ها آغاز شده است.
اينديپندنت همچنين سرنوشت يک نوجوان فلسطينى که بر اثر تماس با بمب هاى فسفرى عميقا مجروح و دچار سوختگى هاى شديد شده را منتشر کرد.
اين روزنامه در ادامه با بررسى استفاده اسراييل از "بمب هاى دايم" حاوى تنگستن و ديگر تسليحات غيرمتعارف نوشت: "اريک فوس" از پزشکان نروژى مستقر در غزه اعلام کرد جراحات بسيارى از افراد منتقل شده به بيمارستان نشان دهنده استفاده اسراييل از بمب هاى دايم است که با ايجاد انفجارهاى بسيار شديد در منطقه اى کوچک باعث متلاشى شدن بدن افراد مى شود.
نشريه انگليسى ادامه داد:
بر اساس يک کنوانسيون سازمان ملل که به امضاى اسراييل نيز رسيده است استفاده از تسليحاتى که باعث متلاشى شدن بدن افراد شده و ترکش هاى آنان توسط "ايکس رى" قابل مشاهده نيست ممنوع است که اين مى تواند شامل بمب هاى دايم نيز بشود گرچه اثبات استفاده از اين بمب ها بسيار دشوار است.
اينديپندنت هدف قرار دادن شهروندان غيرنظامى را نيز از ديگر اتهامات وارد شده به رژيم صهيونيستى اعلام کرد و نوشت:
اين ادعاى اسراييل که تمامى تلاش خود را براى حفاظت از جان شهروندان غيرنظامى انجام داده است درحال هرچه بى اعتبارتر شدن است چراکه گزارش هاى زيادى درباره هدف قرار گرفتن شهروندان فلسطينى پناه گرفته در پناهگاه ها و همچنين هدف قرار دادن فلسطينيان درحال فرار و حامل پرچم هاى سفيد منتشر شده است.
اين روزنامه در ادامه حادثه کشته شدن 29 نفر از اعضاى خانواده "سامونى" در حمله اسراييل به منزل آنها را يکى از موارد متعدد هدف قرار دادن شهروندان غيرنظامى توسط رژيم صهيونيستى توصيف کرده و نوشت: اعضاى اين خانواده درحالى هدف قرار گرفتند که روز پيش از آن توسط نيروهاى اسراييلى به اين خانه منتقل شده بودند.
اينديپندنت همچنين گزارش هاى ديگرى را نيز از هدف قرار دادن عمدى زنان و کودکان فلسطينى که حامل پرچم هاى سفيد بوده اند، منتشر کرد.
اين روزنامه در پايان ششمين اتهام وارد شده به اسراييل را نيز هدف قرار دادن کمک هاى انسانى در غزه توصيف کرده و حوادثى از قبيل جلوگيرى از ورود کمک هاى انساني، هدف قرار دادن آمبولانس ها و خودروهاى متعلق به سازمان ملل و ذخاير غذايى را از جمله مواردى خواند که رژيم اسراييل باي
A shameful war: Israel in the dock over assault on Gaza
By the time the shooting stopped, more than 100 Palestinians had been killed for every Israeli who died. Was every death lawful? And, if not, where does the fault lie?
Raymond Whitaker and Donald Macintyre report
Sunday, 25 January 2009 در برابر آنها پاسخگو باشد.
6 بهمن 1387 16:18
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A shameful war:
Israel in the dock over assault on Gaza
By the time the shooting stopped, more than 100 Palestinians had been killed for every Israeli who died. Was every death lawful? And, if not, where does the fault lie? Raymond Whitaker and Donald Macintyre report
Sunday, 25 January 2009
Did Israel–or its enemy, Hamas – commit war crimes during 22 days and nights of aerial assault, rocket launches and ground fighting in Gaza? In one sense the question is academic, because Israel will not recognise the conflict as an international one, and has not signed the 1977 Geneva protocol designed to apply to the victims of internal conflicts. But international lawyers say general principles can be drawn from the laws of war, which may have been violated in several ways.
The main issues are these
Proportionality:
Up to 10 times as many Palestinians were killed as Israelis. The Palestinian Ministry of Health says 1,314 Palestinians were killed, of whom 412 were children or teenagers under 18, and 110 were women. On the Israeli side, there were 13 deaths between 27 December and 17 January, of whom three were civilians killed by rockets fired from Gaza. Of the 10 soldiers killed, four were lost to "friendly fire".
Even if the Palestinian figure is disputed, it is clear that the death toll was massively higher for Palestinians than Israelis. Proportionality is not simply a matter of numbers, however. There will also be a debate over whether the destruction wrought by Israel's huge land, sea and air arsenal was proportionate to the threat posed by Hamas militants to civilians – itself also a violation of international humanitarian law
With foreign journalists barred from Gaza by Israel throughout the war, it is especially hard to come by hard information on the exact circumstances in which all civilian casualties were caused. But unofficial comment from senior military officers in the Israeli media have suggested that a deliberate choice was made to put the protection of its soldiers first, and that of civilians second. If true, it appears to have been successful, but even if it wasn't, the "collateral damage" inflicted on civilians appears to have significantly exceeded the norms even of previous Israeli operations in Gaza, suggesting looser rules of engagement for military operations.
The head of Human Rights Watch, Kenneth Roth, pointed out that there was an "expansive" definition of military targets, to include civilian government offices, police stations and the parliament building, on the grounds they at least indirectly helped Hamas.
Firing into urban areas
Israeli forces did not penetrate into the heart of Gaza City or Khan Yunis. But many of the areas where they deployed their forces were heavily built up. Probably the most lethal incident was the 6 January mortar attack that hit the UN school being used as a shelter for hundreds who had fled their homes in the northern Gaza town of Jabalya. It killed 30 straight away, and an estimated 13 more died from their critical injuries in subsequent days.
Israel's initial claim in this and several other incidents was that it was responding to fire from Hamas. The militants could be at fault for "locating military objectives within or near densely populated areas", in the words of the Geneva Conventions. But the conventions also forbid any attack expected to cause death or injury to civilians "which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated" – a rule Israel is accused of breaking several times.
Though it fortunately caused no deaths and only two injuries, the incident in which shells containing phosphorus hit the UN Relief and Works Agency headquarters – where many were also sheltering – was almost as high profile. Not only did they set fire to food and medical supply warehouses, they landed as the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, was holding meetings with Israeli leaders. UN chiefs vigorously denied Israeli suggestions made in the media, though apparently not to the UN itself, that Hamas gunmen had been sheltering in UN premises. In the first case Chris Gunness, UNRWA's chief spokesman, revealed that diplomats had been told by the Israeli authorities that Hamas was not operating from the school. And in the second, Mr Ban said that Israel's Defence Minister, Ehud Barak, had acknowledged a "grave mistake".
White phosphorus
White phosphorus – which can cause horrific injuries, and is heavily restricted in international law – is now widely accepted to have been used by Israel in this war at several locations. Dating originally from the First World War, white phosphorus and its distinctive plumes of white smoke can legally be used to mark objectives, spread smoke for concealment or set fire to military targets, but not in civilian areas. Israel first denied using it at all, then claimed it was being used only in uninhabited areas, and then last week announced an investigation into its use.
A high school student Mahmoud al-Jamal, 18, was lucky to have been hit by phosphorus shelling during the third week of the war. By the time he reached the care of Gaza City's Shifa hospital, unconscious and severely burned in his left arm, legs and chest, the head of the burns unit, Dr Nafez abu Shaban knew the only hope of saving him lay with surgery. Shifa had no experience of it before 27 December, but "by the last week of the war we knew that we had to get the patient to the operating room and excise all the burnt tissue".
Mahmoud was running from the heavy fighting between Hamas gunmen and Israeli forces in the southern Gaza city district of Tel Al Hawa when a shell dropped in front of him. "I could feel my whole body burning," he said. "I fell and asked someone next to me to help. But he was dead. Then I fainted." Part of his body was still smouldering when he was being anaesthetised in theatre. "A piece extracted itself from his body and burned the anaesthetist on his chest," said Dr Shaban. Mahmoud will live; unconfirmed estimates are that dozens of others burned by phosphorus have not survived.
Dime bombs and other unusual weapons
While the vast majority of Palestinians were killed by conventional weapons, a Norwegian doctor, Erik Fosse, said injuries he had seen in Gaza were consistent with the use of Dime (dense inert metal explosive) bombs. "It was as if [patients] had stepped on a mine, but there was no shrapnel in the wounds," he said. A UN convention, which Israel has signed, prohibits "the use of any weapon the primary effect of which is to injure by fragments which in the human body escape detection by X-rays". This could apply to Dime bombs, but by their nature it is extremely difficult to prove they have been used.
Amnesty International last week called on Israel to give details of weapons beside phosphorus it had used in Gaza, so that medics could better treat the injuries they inflict. Donatella Rovera of Amnesty, currently on a munitions fact-finding mission to Gaza, said doctors were encountering "new and unexplained injuries, including charred and sharply severed limbs" after air strikes. The UK human rights agency also quoted Dr Subhi Skeik of Shifa hospital's surgery department as saying: "We have many cases of amputations and vascular reconstructions where patients would be expected to recover in the normal way. But to our surprise, many of them died an hour or two after operation. It is dramatic."
Dr Shaban of Shifa's burns unit said surgical colleagues had encountered bloodless amputations of limbs after attacks during the war, and that some Egyptian and Jordanian doctors with experience in Lebanon and Iraq had suggested that Dime bombs could be responsible. But both Amnesty and Human Rights Watch's weapons expert Mark Galasco, who is also in Gaza, are highly cautious about speculating on the possibility of Dime, not least because of the difficulty of finding provable traces of it.
Israel has always insisted that its weaponry – including controversial flechette darts, which have been used in Gaza before and have been found so far in two northern Gaza locations this time – is legal. There is no outright ban on Dime bombs, flechettes or even white phosphorus. It is the time and the manner in which they are used that can be illegal.
Targeting of civilians
Israel has continued to contrast what it says are its strenuous efforts to avoid civilian casualties with Hamas's undoubtedly deliberate targeting of civilians with Qassam rockets. There have, however, been several cases in which Palestinian civilians were hit while taking shelter. In other incidents, people in Gaza said they were fired on while seeking to flee to safety, in some cases waving white flags.
In the most widely publicised case, the UN says 80 members of the Samouni family were sheltering in a warehouse hit by missiles early on 5 January, killing 29. Several survivors said they had been ordered by the army to go there the previous day. Meanwhile, Khaled Abed Rabbo said a single soldier shot three of his young daughters from a tank, killing two, as they obeyed orders to flee their home on the outer edge of Jabalya. He suggested it was a deliberate act, The army is investigating, but reaffirms that "the IDF does not target civilians".
Yesterday Mr Rabbo's mother Suad, 54, who was shot in the arm and abdomen at the same time, corroborated his account. She said she, her daughter and her seven-year-old granddaughter were all carrying white flags when they were shot. She did not see the soldier who fired, but insisted there were no Palestinian fighters in the vicinity.
Humanitarian aid
While basic humanitarian supplies, including medicine, continued to flow into Gaza from Israel during the war, the UN and other agencies complained more than once that there were severe problems in distributing food and other aid within Gaza because of continuing security problems. These were compounded when a driver contracted by UNRWA was shot dead near the Erez crossing as he prepared to load food, ready for moving it south during a three-hour humanitarian pause.
There were also several complaints from the Red Cross and Israeli human rights agencies that medics and rescue services were prevented from reaching the wounded and dead. Four weak and terrified children from the Samouni family were finally found by the Red Cross, two days after the attack that killed 29 other family members. After the ground attack started, one convoy, consisting of an ICRC truck and a Palestinian Ministry of Health truck, both carrying medical supplies for hospitals in southern Gaza, and 13 ambulances carrying intensive care patients to Egyptian hospitals, had to turn back after the ICRC driver was shot and injured near a military checkpoint in the centre of the strip.
Fuel shortages and power cuts continued to deprive about a million Gazans of electricity at any one time. Sewage and water supplies were badly hit, because pumps
could not operate.
